AUGUST 2011
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 8
Software Scan |
The President's Column |
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I'm going to speaking at a couple of museums this month. On August 4th I'll be talking about "The history of digital game intellectual property from Atari to Zynga" at The Museum of Art and Digital Entertainment, a cool new museum about video game and art. Then on August 24th I'll be debating Professor Edward Lee of UC Berkeley on "Software patents encourage innovation" at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California. Come on out and root for the good guys! Both events are free, so please stop by. They should be fun. In this month's newsletter I rant about the undeserved reputation of Leonardo da Vinci. Send me your comments and critiques. I'm always interested in hearing from you. Regards,
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Debunking da Vinci |
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Why da Vinci was not an engineer, scientist, or mathematician Leonardo da Vinci is considered the quintessential "Renaissance Man," one who excels at all forms of intellectual endeavors. He is honored as a genius, some say the greatest genius the world has ever known-an artist, a mathematician, a scientist, and an engineer. But does he deserve these accolades? No. And bestowing them upon him belittles those who truly are great mathematicians, scientists, or engineers. Leonardo da Vinci definitely created great artwork, though for my taste he doesn't match the grandeur, detail, or power of Michelangelo his peer. Da Vinci invented painting techniques like sfumato for creating a delicate shading for more realistic human features, though other techniques for which he is credited were actually developed by other painters such as and chiaroscuro that was developed and perfected by Caravaggio, Correggio, and Rembrandt1. I acknowledge he was a great artist-he created artwork that has been appreciated worldwide for centuries. But da Vinci, known for a problematic lack of attention, rarely finished any of his works. The Last Supper painting is incomplete2. His Gran Cavallo horse statue was never finished3. He left the monastery of San Donato before finishing the Adoration of the Magi that he had been commissioned to produce4. The list goes on. Even the Mona Lisa background seems to me drab and amateurish, like an attempt to just get the portrait done so he could move on, a fact described by a witness to the original painting, Giorgio Vasari, a biographer and painter himself5. Modern day art historians and fans of da Vinci make all kinds of excuses for his impatience and impulsiveness. One fan states that da Vinci "fell victim to those individuals jealous of his genius and labeled him a man who did not finish his commissions as the [Gran Cavallo] was meant to be made of bronze, not clay."6 Another fan claims that the payment terms were so complex that he probably wouldn't have received any compensation anyway. So get bored and leave-thankfully other artists, like Vincent van Gogh or Michelangelo, had a different attitude and struggled to complete their works out of passion and love. Da Vinci Was Not a Mathematician Although I've dabbled in art and art history, I am not an expert. However, I am an expert in mathematics, science, and engineering, having had a rigorous education in these fields and having worked for several decades in them. I've known true brilliant people in these areas. To my knowledge Leonardo da Vinci never wrote down an equation, even one as simple as basic algebra. He just didn't seem to understand math7. Some credit him for understanding the golden ratio, but the golden ratio is simply two numbers-a width and a length-and had been known at least since the days of the Greek sculptor and mathematician Phidias, a thousand years before da Vinci8. Da Vinci came up with interesting mathematical ideas but never investigated one and never proved one. He spat out interesting possibilities in his notebooks, using a notation that has not been deciphered. Very few, if any, of his "mathematical ideas" turned out to be correct9. In fact, search the books, the Internet, or entire libraries, and you won't find a single, tiny original contribution that da Vinci made to mathematics. Mathematicians don't guess at their answers. They study various techniques, sometimes for years. They learn how to use multiple mathematical models to find a solution. They compare alternative ways of performing calculations. They generalize the problems to solve categories of problems. They test their answers and try to find fault in them, try to tear the solution apart. Only after this long effort born of creative spark but nurtured by perseverance do they create something worthy of being labeled genius. Da vinci was far from a mathematical genius and giving him the title of mathematician demeans those who have spent their lives examining the beauty of numbers and their relationships. Da Vinci Was Not a Scientist Scientists practice the scientific method. They come up with hypotheses based on observations or the works of others, but that's simply the very beginning. Every curious child imagines reasons why the world works the way it does. Most of them are fantastic and some turn out to be true. Ancient people thought the world was flat, supported by tortoises. But even the ancient Greeks, two thousand years before da Vinci, created the scientific method used by Archimedes, Aristotle, Hippocrates, Ptolemy, and many others10. Roger Bacon, two hundred years before da Vinci, was making discoveries and promoting the scientific method11. All that da Vinci did was write fantastic theories in his notebooks but never once devised experiments to test them. Had he done that, he would have found that most of his theories were completely wrong. Again, there is not a single known, novel scientific principle that can be attributed to da Vinci. But at that same time, real scientific geniuses like Nicolaus Copernicus were changing our understanding of the solar system forever. To call da Vinci a scientist is like calling a curious kindergartener a scientist. It is an insult to those real scientists who spend their lives not just observing and hypothesizing, but testing, poring over results, retesting, studying the works of others, refining their own work, creating new theories, and eventually giving us more knowledge about how the universe functions. Da Vinci Was Not an Engineer Da Vinci was often given credit for the inventions of others, simply drawing machines, bridges, weapons, and other devices that had been written up by others or actually built by others12. In fact most of his so-called inventions including diving suits and flying machines had been drawn up extensively by others13. Scientist Roger Bacon had drawn plans for an ornithopter 200 years before da Vinci and flying machines had been discussed and drawn since ancient times14. Modern attempts to build even a single one of da Vinci's inventions have all failed because da Vinci didn't understand materials or forces or structures or math or any engineering requirements. He never built any of his inventions; he simply drew them and in a few cases built small, non-working models. Engineering requires a deep understanding of mathematics and science. It also requires testing and experimenting and calculating and retesting and improving, leading to eventual success. As Thomas Edison famously said, it is 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. It requires more than just dreaming and drawing, which is as far as da Vinci ever got. Honoring da Vinci as an engineer, let alone a brilliant one, denigrates the accomplishments of those engineers who spend years planning and measuring and calculating and building and rebuilding and creating the wonderful inventions that simplify or improve our lives. Give Credit Where Credit is Due In summary, da Vinci was a great artist, debatably one of the best who ever lived. Certainly the most famous. But to call him an engineer, scientist, or mathematician, let alone a brilliant one, is simply not true and is an insult to those who devote their lives and their energies to these important human endeavors.
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